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CIVILIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BY TIMESPAN ON EARTH A chronological classification of major human civilizational patterns according to their approximate emergence and historical development. 1. c. 300,000–12,000 BCE — MOBILE / FORAGING SOCIETIES Examples: Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies Main adaptation: Hunting, gathering, seasonal mobility, and direct dependence upon naturally available ecosystems. 2. c. 12,000–8,000 BCE ONWARD — EARLY AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATION Examples: Neolithic farming settlements Main adaptation: Domestication of plants and animals, food production, permanent settlement, and increasing population concentration. 3. c. 7,000–3,000 BCE ONWARD — RIVER-VALLEY CIVILIZATION Examples: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, early China Ma...

